Title: 1839-07-30 JACKSON MICH---RED CDS AND MATCHING PAID---FROM SARAH AND BRADFORD PARKER AT JACKSON TO THEIR SISTER SARAH PARKER AT AUBURN NEW YORK --ALSO SIGNED THOMAS PARKER AND POLLY PARKER---PAGE 2---GENEALOGY--- PRIVATELY OWNED—COURTESY OF CRAIG A. WHITFORD AUCTIONS Read More..
Year:
Date: 1839-07-30
County:
Jackson
City:
Jackson
Category:
MI Genealogy
, Michigan Stampless Letters
, Women's Correspondence
, Letters Containing Correspondence
, Privately Owned
Associated Pages: 3
Title: 1839-07-30 JACKSON MICH---RED CDS AND MATCHING PAID---FROM SARAH AND BRADFORD PARKER AT JACKSON TO THEIR SISTER SARAH PARKER AT AUBURN NEW YORK --ALSO SIGNED THOMAS PARKER AND POLLY PARKER---PAGE 1---GENEALOGY--- PRIVATELY OWNED—COURTESY OF CRAIG A. WHITFORD AUCTIONS Read More..
Year:
Date: 1839-07-30
County:
Jackson
City:
Jackson
Category:
MI Genealogy
, Michigan Stampless Letters
, Women's Correspondence
, Letters Containing Correspondence
, Privately Owned
Associated Pages: 3
Title: 1839-07-30 JACKSON MICH---RED CDS AND MATCHING PAID---FROM SARAH AND BRADFORD PARKER AT JACKSON TO THEIR SISTER SARAH PARKER AT AUBURN NEW YORK --ALSO SIGNED THOMAS PARKER AND POLLY PARKER---GLAD TO HEAR FRANKLIN MADE IT HOME SAFELY; WATERMAN IS HERE AND IN THE BUTCHERING BUSINESS; "WE MAKE OUT TO GET ONE MEAL A DAY AND SOMETIMES TWO, NOT WITHSTANDING THE HARD TIMES"; HOPES FOR A LETTER FROM CAROLINE---GENEALOGY--- PRIVATELY OWNED—COURTESY OF CRAIG A. WHITFORD AUCTIONS Read More..
Year: 1839
Date: 1839-07-30
County:
Jackson
City:
Jackson
Category:
MI Covers
, MI Genealogy
, Michigan Stampless Letters
, Women's Correspondence
, Letters Containing Correspondence
, Privately Owned
Associated Pages: 3
Title: 1839-08-16 VERONA MICH---CALHOUN CO---V7---BROWN #MANUSCRIPT & MS 12 1/2 RATE---FROM CLARISSA CRANSON AT VERONA, CALHOUN CO, MICH TO EMELINE CURTIS (M. FRANCES V. MERRYMAN 1842) AT PULASKI INDIANA---WRITES OF CORDELIA, MR. IVANSON, MRS. BARBER IS WITH THEM, HER HUSBAND DIED MAY 4; HOPES TO WRITE TO MRS. GILBERT; MANY OF THEIR NEIGHBORS HAVE DIED; A THIEF BY THE NAME OF BLANCHARD HAS BEEN PUT IN JAIL; LONGS TO SEE LITTLE CAROLINE, AND THINKS OFTEN OF LITTLE CLARISSA, TAKEN FROM THEM; MENTIONS THE FAMILIES OF MRS. MINER AND MR. RANDOL; CROPS---GENEALOGY----3PGS---PAGE 3---PRIVATELY OWNED—COURTESY OF HAYES I/WHITFORD AUCTIONS 2013 LOT 530 $95 Read More..
Year:
Date: 1839-08-16
County:
Calhoun
City:
Category:
MI Genealogy
, Manuscripts
, Michigan Stampless Letters
, Women's Correspondence
, Letters Containing Correspondence
, Privately Owned
Associated Pages: 3
Title: 1839-08-16 VERONA MICH---CALHOUN CO---V7---BROWN #MANUSCRIPT & MS 12 1/2 RATE---FROM CLARISSA CRANSON AT VERONA, CALHOUN CO, MICH TO EMELINE CURTIS (M. FRANCES V. MERRYMAN 1842) AT PULASKI INDIANA---WRITES OF CORDELIA, MR. IVANSON, MRS. BARBER IS WITH THEM, HER HUSBAND DIED MAY 4; HOPES TO WRITE TO MRS. GILBERT; MANY OF THEIR NEIGHBORS HAVE DIED; A THIEF BY THE NAME OF BLANCHARD HAS BEEN PUT IN JAIL; LONGS TO SEE LITTLE CAROLINE, AND THINKS OFTEN OF LITTLE CLARISSA, TAKEN FROM THEM; MENTIONS THE FAMILIES OF MRS. MINER AND MR. RANDOL; CROPS---GENEALOGY----3PGS---PAGE 2---PRIVATELY OWNED—COURTESY OF HAYES I/WHITFORD AUCTIONS 2013 LOT 530 $95 Read More..
Year:
Date: 1839-08-16
County:
Calhoun
City:
Category:
MI Genealogy
, Manuscripts
, Michigan Stampless Letters
, Women's Correspondence
, Letters Containing Correspondence
, Privately Owned
Associated Pages: 3
Title: 1839-08-16 VERONA MICH---CALHOUN CO---V7---BROWN #MANUSCRIPT & MS 12 1/2 RATE---FROM CLARISSA CRANSON AT VERONA, CALHOUN CO, MICH TO EMELINE CURTIS (M. FRANCES V. MERRYMAN 1842) AT PULASKI INDIANA---WRITES OF CORDELIA, MR. IVANSON, MRS. BARBER IS WITH THEM, HER HUSBAND DIED MAY 4; HOPES TO WRITE TO MRS. GILBERT; MANY OF THEIR NEIGHBORS HAVE DIED; A THIEF BY THE NAME OF BLANCHARD HAS BEEN PUT IN JAIL; LONGS TO SEE LITTLE CAROLINE, AND THINKS OFTEN OF LITTLE CLARISSA, TAKEN FROM THEM; MENTIONS THE FAMILIES OF MRS. MINER AND MR. RANDOL; CROPS---GENEALOGY----3PGS---PAGE 1---PRIVATELY OWNED—COURTESY OF HAYES I/WHITFORD AUCTIONS 2013 LOT 530 $95 Read More..
Year:
Date: 1839-08-16
County:
Calhoun
City:
Category:
MI Genealogy
, Manuscripts
, Michigan Stampless Letters
, Women's Correspondence
, Letters Containing Correspondence
, Privately Owned
Associated Pages: 3
Title: 1839-08-16 VERONA MICH---CALHOUN CO---{1838-1844}--DPO-----V7---BROWN #MANUSCRIPT & MS 12 1/2 RATE---FROM CLARISSA CRANSON AT VERONA, CALHOUN CO, MICH TO EMELINE CURTIS (M. FRANCES V. MERRYMAN 1842) AT PULASKI INDIANA---WRITES OF CORDELIA, MR. IVANSON, MRS. BARBER IS WITH THEM, HER HUSBAND DIED MAY 4; HOPES TO WRITE TO MRS. GILBERT; MANY OF THEIR NEIGHBORS HAVE DIED; A THIEF BY THE NAME OF BLANCHARD HAS BEEN PUT IN JAIL; LONGS TO SEE LITTLE CAROLINE, AND THINKS OFTEN OF LITTLE CLARISSA, TAKEN FROM THEM; MENTIONS THE FAMILIES OF MRS. MINER AND MR. RANDOL; CROPS---AG/ECON---GENEALOGY----3PGS---PRIVATELY OWNED—COURTESY OF HAYES I/WHITFORD AUCTIONS 2013 LOT 530 $95 Read More..
Year: 1839
Date: 1839-08-16
County:
Calhoun
City:
Category:
MI Covers
, MI Genealogy
, Manuscripts
, Michigan Stampless Letters
, Women's Correspondence
, Letters Containing Correspondence
, Privately Owned
, Crops/ Agriculture Econ
Associated Pages: 3
Title: 1839-09-13 DETROIT MICH --CDS--VIA BUFFALO AND FREDONIA---TO MRS LUCY DOUGLASS AT CASSADAGA N Y FROM HER SON SILAS AT DETROIT---DR. RICE SAYS BY ALL MEANS TRY THE REMEDY; ANXIETY CONCERNING LYDIA---GENEALOGY----COURTESY OF THE BENTLEY HISTORICAL LIBRARY AT THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN Read More..
Year: 1839
Date: 1839-09-13
County:
Wayne
City:
Detroit
Category:
MI Covers
, MI Genealogy
, Michigan Stampless Letters
, Women's Correspondence
, Letters Containing Correspondence
, Publicly Owned
Associated Pages: 2
Title: 1839-09-13 DETROIT MICH --PAGE 1--VIA BUFFALO AND FREDONIA---TO MRS LUCY DOUGLASS AT CASSADAGA N Y----COURTESY OF THE BENTLEY HISTORICAL LIBRARY AT THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN Read More..
Year:
Date: 1839-09-13
County:
Wayne
City:
Detroit
Category:
Michigan Stampless Letters
, Women's Correspondence
Associated Pages: 2
Title: 1839-09-13 DETROIT MICH --PAGE 2--VIA BUFFALO AND FREDONIA---TO MRS LUCY DOUGLASS AT CASSADAGA N Y----COURTESY OF THE BENTLEY HISTORICAL LIBRARY AT THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN Read More..
Year:
Date: 1839-09-13
County:
Wayne
City:
Detroit
Category:
Michigan Stampless Letters
, Women's Correspondence
Associated Pages: 2
Title: 1839-09-19 LEONI MICH {1837-1908} DPO---V3----JACKSON CO.--BLUE #MANUSCRIPT CANCEL--AND BLUE MS 6 RATE--DATELINE HOMER---TO CATHARINE TURNER AND HORACE AT GRASS LAKE FROM HER BROTHER A.L. TURNER AT HOMER---MENTIONS MRS. FINLAY, DR. PARKS, HULBURT, DELORA, OSCAR, MARIA CRANDALL IS AT HOMER, SCHOOL NEWS, "I HAD RATHER LIVE ANYWHERE THAN WHERE I AM BURNING UP WITH A FEVER CONSTANTLY AND I AM WELL ASSURED IT IS A VERY SICKLY PLACE HERE"---GENEALOGY---2 pg--COURTESY OF A MICHIGAN 3 COLLECTOR Read More..
Year: 1839
Date: 1839-09-19
County:
Calhoun
,
Jackson
,
,
,
,
,
,
City:
Category:
MI Covers
, MI Genealogy
, Manuscripts
, Michigan Stampless Letters
, Women's Correspondence
, Letters Containing Correspondence
, Privately Owned
Associated Pages: 2
Title: 1839-09-25 DETROIT MICH--DATE VERIFIED--WAYNE CO.--GREEN 31MM CDS AND BLUE MS 20 RATE--TO SYLVESTER L. HUNT NEW ORLEANS MISS. FROM HIS SISTER---MENTIONS UNCLE JAMES, COUSIN JAMES, THE TROWBRIDGES, THE SIBLEYS, WOLCOTTS, KERCHEVALS, FORSYTHES, HENRY HOWARD'S FAMILY, D. JONES, MRS. HENRY BROWN, AND MISS WILLIAMS; COUSIN JULES HAS MARRIED AND BECOME MRS. ALLEN, SHE LEAVES TUESDAY FOR GREEN BAY---GENEALOGY---4 pgs-- COURTESY OF A MICHIGAN 3 COLLECTOR Read More..
Year: 1839
Date: 1839-09-25
County:
Wayne
City:
Detroit
Category:
MI Covers
, MI Genealogy
, Michigan Stampless Letters
, Women's Correspondence
, Letters Containing Correspondence
, Privately Owned
Associated Pages: 5
Title: 1839-10-05 JACKSON MICH ---DUPLICATE--DUPLICATE-- PAGE 1 ---- ERNIE'S COLLECTION Read More..
Year: 1839
Date: 1839-10-05
County:
Jackson
City:
Jackson
Category:
Ernie's Michigan Collection
, MI Genealogy
, Michigan Stampless Letters
, Women's Correspondence
, Letters Containing Correspondence
, Privately Owned
Associated Pages: 0
Title: 1839-10-05 JACKSON MICH---PAGE 1----GENEALOGY---ERNIES COLLECTION Read More..
Year: 1839
Date: 1839-10-05
County:
Jackson
City:
Jackson
Category:
Ernie's Michigan Collection
, MI Genealogy
, Michigan Stampless Letters
, Women's Correspondence
Associated Pages: 3
Title: 1839-10-05 JACKSON MICH---PAGE 2---GENEALOGY----ERNIES COLLECTION Read More..
Year: 1839
Date: 1839-10-05
County:
Jackson
City:
Jackson
Category:
Ernie's Michigan Collection
, MI Genealogy
, Michigan Stampless Letters
, Women's Correspondence
Associated Pages: 3
Title: 1839-10-05 JACKSON MICH---PAGE 3----GENEALOGY----ERNIES COLLECTION Read More..
Year: 1839
Date: 1839-10-05
County:
Jackson
City:
Jackson
Category:
Ernie's Michigan Collection
, MI Genealogy
, Michigan Stampless Letters
, Women's Correspondence
Associated Pages: 3
Title: 1839-10-05 JACKSON MICH---RED 30MM CDS--FROM BRADFORD PARKER AT JACKSON TO HIS SISTER SARAH PARKER AT AUBURN N.Y.--W. BAKER WAS IN AUBURN LAST SPRING; ASKS HOW FRANKLIN AND MISS CAPINS GET ALONG; THE MAN NAMED CARPENTER WHO CALLED ON HER IS A FINE YOUNG MAN; OLD BEN DANIELS AND NATHANIEL VISITED LAST SPRING---GENEALOGY---ERNIE'S COLLECTION Read More..
Year: 1839
Date: 1839-10-05
County:
Jackson
City:
Jackson
Category:
MI Covers
, Ernie's Michigan Collection
, MI Genealogy
, Michigan Stampless Letters
, Women's Correspondence
, Letters Containing Correspondence
, Privately Owned
Associated Pages: 3
Title: 1839-10-18 DETROIT MICH*****W--WAYNE CO.--BLUE 31MM CDS AND BLUE STAMPED ARCH PAID & BLACK MS 10 RATE--FROM THOMAS H. HALE AT DETROIT TO WILLIAM L. RIGGS AT MONROE----ABOUT A DRAFT FROM EBENEZER HALE ( US GRAVE INDEX, B. NEW YORK 1820, D. 1892, SPOUSE, CLEMENTINE HALE, CHILDREN, ROBERT H HALE, JENNIE HALE CUTLER, STEPHEN DOUGLAS HALE, MARTHA EVELYN HALE PATTERSON, FRANCES HALE LUCAS, ELENOR HALE JOHNSTON)MONROE, MICH------GENEALOGY------1 pg------ERNIE'S COLLECTION $15 - N Read More..
Year: 1839
Date: 1839-10-18
County:
Monroe
,
Wayne
,
,
,
,
,
,
City:
Detroit
, Monroe
Category:
MI Covers
, Ernie's Michigan Collection
, MI Genealogy
, Michigan Stampless Letters
, Women's Correspondence
, Letters Containing Correspondence
, Privately Owned
Associated Pages: 1
Title: 1839-11-13 +BRONSON PRAIRIE MICH---BRANCH CO---BROWN #MANUSCRIPT & MS 18 3/4---FROM E. LUCE AT BRONSON PRAIRIE TO HER UNCLE WILLIAM DOUGLASS LUCE AT URBANA, CHAMPAIGN CO, OHIO REGARDING HER FATHER LUCE'S ILLNESS AND DEATH; ALFORD IS SICK WITH FEVER BUT THEY WILL START FOR URBANA WHEN HE IS ABLE, BUT SHE DOESN'T KNOW WHEN THAT WILL BE; GIVE THEIR LOVE TO GRANPA AND GRANMA; ---GENEALOGY---4PGS---PAGE 2---PRIVATELY OWNED—COURTESY OF HAYES I/WHITFORD AUCTIONS 2013 LOT 166 $40 Read More..
Year:
Date: 1839-11-13
County:
Branch
City:
Category:
MI Genealogy
, Manuscripts
, Michigan Stampless Letters
, Women's Correspondence
, Letters Containing Correspondence
, Privately Owned
Associated Pages: 4
Title: 1839-11-13 +BRONSON PRAIRIE MICH---BRANCH CO---BROWN #MANUSCRIPT & MS 18 3/4---FROM E. LUCE AT BRONSON PRAIRIE TO HER UNCLE WILLIAM DOUGLASS LUCE AT URBANA, CHAMPAIGN CO, OHIO REGARDING HER FATHER LUCE'S ILLNESS AND DEATH; ALFORD IS SICK WITH FEVER BUT THEY WILL START FOR URBANA WHEN HE IS ABLE, BUT SHE DOESN'T KNOW WHEN THAT WILL BE; GIVE THEIR LOVE TO GRANPA AND GRANMA; ---GENEALOGY---4PGS---PRIVATELY OWNED—COURTESY OF HAYES I/WHITFORD AUCTIONS 2013 LOT 166 $40 Read More..
Year: 1839
Date: 1839-11-13
County:
Branch
City:
Category:
MI Covers
, MI Genealogy
, Manuscripts
, Michigan Stampless Letters
, Women's Correspondence
, Letters Containing Correspondence
, Privately Owned
Associated Pages: 4
Title: 1839-11-16 DOVER MICH {1836-1841} DPO----V9--CASS CO--DATELINED NILES MICH--TO IRELAND--BLACK #MANUSCRIPT CANCEL AND BLUE MS PAID AND BLACK MS 25 RATE--TO THOMAS RICHARDSON AT SPRINGFIELD IRELAND FROM ARTHUR RICHARDSON AT NILES---ADDRESSED TO "MY DEAR ELICIA"--FAMILY NEWS---ANOTHER LETTER TO TOM FROM ARTHUR RICHARDSON MENTIONING JOHN AND HELEN'S ARRIVAL HOME, PLANS TO GO INTO BUSINESS, AND A LIST OF GOODS---GENEALOGY---3 pg--COURTESY OF A MICHIGAN 3 COLLECTOR Read More..
Year: 1839
Date: 1839-11-16
County:
Berrien
,
Cass
,
,
,
,
,
,
City:
Category:
MI Covers
, MI Genealogy
, Manuscripts
, Michigan Stampless Letters
, Women's Correspondence
, Letters Containing Correspondence
, Privately Owned
Associated Pages: 3
Title: 1839-11-16 DETROIT MICH--WAYNE CO.----STEAMBOAT STRAIGHTLINE--DATELINED BUFFALO N.Y. TO GROVELAND, OAKLAND CO.,MICH--TO ELIZA GOODRICH AT GROVELAND FROM HER BROTHER JOHN AT BUFFALO--MENTIONS AARON, REUBEN, MR. DANSER, ENOS, MR. AND MRS. NEIL, ROSET, SARAH AND GEORGE; NORTON FILMORE IS MARRIED TO MISS ATWELL, AND JAMES SADLER TO ESTHER FULTON - "I BELIEVE"; HE IS READING LAW UNDER THE DIRECTION OF JOHN T. BUSH; HE GAVE HER LETTER TO MR. DODGE, WHO APOLOGIZES FOR THE MISUNDERSTANDING, AS HE DID NOT GET THE LETTER FROM WILKES---GENEALOGY-- 3 pgs--COURTESY OF A MICHIGAN 3 COLLECTOR Read More..
Year: 1839
Date: 1839-11-16
County:
Oakland
,
Wayne
,
,
,
,
,
,
City:
Detroit
Category:
MI Covers
, MI Genealogy
, Michigan Stampless Letters
, MI Waterways
, Women's Correspondence
, Letters Containing Correspondence
, Privately Owned
Associated Pages: 3
Title: 1839-11-16 DETROIT MICH--WAYNE CO.----STEAMBOAT STRAIGHTLINE--DATELINED BUFFALO N.Y. TO GROVELAND, OAKLAND CO.,MICH--TO ELIZA GOODRICH FROM HER BROTHER JOHN--3 pgs--PAGE 1--COURTESY OF A MICHIGAN 3 COLLECTOR Read More..
Year:
Date: 1839-11-16
County:
Wayne
City:
Detroit
Category:
Michigan Stampless Letters
, MI Waterways
, Women's Correspondence
, Letters Containing Correspondence
, Privately Owned
Associated Pages: 3
Title: 1839-11-16 DETROIT MICH--WAYNE CO.----STEAMBOAT STRAIGHTLINE--DATELINED BUFFALO N.Y. TO GROVELAND, OAKLAND CO.,MICH--TO ELIZA GOODRICH FROM HER BROTHER JOHN--3 pgs--PAGE 2--COURTESY OF A MICHIGAN 3 COLLECTOR Read More..
Year:
Date: 1839-11-16
County:
Wayne
City:
Detroit
Category:
Michigan Stampless Letters
, MI Waterways
, Women's Correspondence
, Letters Containing Correspondence
, Privately Owned
Associated Pages: 3
Title: 1839-11-16 DETROIT MICH--WAYNE CO.----STEAMBOAT STRAIGHTLINE--DATELINED BUFFALO N.Y. TO GROVELAND, OAKLAND CO.,MICH--TO ELIZA GOODRICH FROM HER BROTHER JOHN--3 pgs--PAGE 3--COURTESY OF A MICHIGAN 3 COLLECTOR Read More..
Year:
Date: 1839-11-16
County:
Wayne
City:
Detroit
Category:
Michigan Stampless Letters
, MI Waterways
, Women's Correspondence
, Letters Containing Correspondence
, Privately Owned
Associated Pages: 3
Title: 1840-02-01 +LaGRANGE MICH----CASS CO---BROWN #MANUSCRIPT CANCEL & MS 25 RATE----TO LYMAN A. SPALDING, LOCKPORT, NIAGARA CO, N.Y.---FROM HIS BROTHER E.H. SPALDING (FATHER, ERASTUS H. SPAULDING, MOTHER, MARY A. SPAULDING) AT LAGRANGE, MICH----GENEALOGY---COURTESY OF HAYES I /WHITFORD AUCTION 2013 LOT 334 $180 Read More..
Year: 1840
Date: 1840-02-01
County:
Cass
City:
Category:
MI Covers
, MI Genealogy
, Manuscripts
, Michigan Stampless Letters
, Women's Correspondence
, Privately Owned
Associated Pages: 0
Title: 1840-02-15 +MEDINA MICH----LENAWEE CO----V7----BLACK #MANUSCRIPT CANCEL & MS 25 RATE----TO ABRAHAM BLOOMER, OVID, SENECA CO, N.Y.-----FROM WILLIAM PACK TO HIS FATHER----HIS WIFE WITH CHILD HAS LEFT HIM, ETC.-----GENEALOGY----COURTESY OF ELLIS I /WHITFORD AUCTION 2018 LOT 310 Read More..
Year: 1840
Date: 1840-02-15
County:
Lenawee
City:
Category:
MI Covers
, MI Genealogy
, Manuscripts
, Michigan Stampless Letters
, Women's Correspondence
, Privately Owned
Associated Pages: 0
Title: 1840-02-19 FORT GRATIOT MICH---RED CDS---FROM ELIZABETH AT FORT GRATIOT TO HER SISTER MARY B. MILES AT SPRINGFIELD OHIO---PAGE 4---GENEALOGY---PRIVATELY OWNED—COURTESY OF CRAIG A. WHITFORD AUCTIONS Read More..
Year:
Date: 1840-02-19
County:
Saint Clair
City:
Category:
MI Genealogy
, Michigan Stampless Letters
, Women's Correspondence
, Letters Containing Correspondence
, Privately Owned
Associated Pages: 4
Title: 1840-02-19 FORT GRATIOT MICH---RED CDS---FROM ELIZABETH AT FORT GRATIOT TO HER SISTER MARY B. MILES AT SPRINGFIELD OHIO---PAGE 3---GENEALOGY---PRIVATELY OWNED—COURTESY OF CRAIG A. WHITFORD AUCTIONS Read More..
Year:
Date: 1840-02-19
County:
Saint Clair
City:
Category:
MI Genealogy
, Michigan Stampless Letters
, Women's Correspondence
, Letters Containing Correspondence
, Privately Owned
Associated Pages: 4
Title: 1840-02-19 FORT GRATIOT MICH---RED CDS---FROM ELIZABETH AT FORT GRATIOT TO HER SISTER MARY B. MILES AT SPRINGFIELD OHIO---PAGE 2---GENEALOGY---PRIVATELY OWNED—COURTESY OF CRAIG A. WHITFORD AUCTIONS Read More..
Year:
Date: 1840-02-19
County:
Saint Clair
City:
Category:
MI Genealogy
, Michigan Stampless Letters
, Women's Correspondence
, Letters Containing Correspondence
, Privately Owned
Associated Pages: 4